Jones and Paulhus ( 2014), relying on a review of the literature, developed the initial pool of 41 items that covered key aspects of each Dark Triad trait and then reduced the number of items. Until recently, most studies measured the Dark Triad traits using independent measures. Whereas narcissistic admiration leads to social potential and represents the assertive and grandiose aspects of narcissism, narcissistic rivalry leads to social conflict and represents the antagonistic and exploitative aspects of narcissism. ( 2013), in their own process model of narcissism, described two social strategies that serve to maintain a grandiose self-enhancing admiration strategy and self-defensive rivalry strategy. Contrary to Dark Triad assumptions on the socially aversive character of its elements, narcissism has adaptive facets that are generally socially accepted, e.g., narcissistic leadership abilities (Ackerman et al. The most often used questionnaire to measure narcissism is the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI, Raskin and Hall 1979). Narcissism can be characterized as significantly exaggerated self-esteem and beliefs about being special, involving constant preoccupation with ideas about unlimited success, strength, beauty or love (Emmons 1987).
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